Construction has begun on an Aufgang Architects designed 100% affordable community that includes supportive housing, located at 1415 Ogden Avenue in the Highbridge section of the Bronx. Total capitalization for the development is $66 million.

The 85 unit Ogden Avenue Theater Apartments will include 51 units of supportive housing for formerly homeless and 34 units for Section 8 residents and those earning at or below 60% of Area Median Income.

NCV Capital and Unique People Services co-developed Ogden Theater Apartments through a public-private partnership with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development and the Department of Mental Health and Hygiene. Financing for the project involves Low Income Housing Tax Credits and HPD’s Supportive Housing Loan Program, as well as private equity.

The Aufgang design for the 100% electric Ogden Theater Apartments meets Passive Housing and Enterprise Green Community Standards. It has a roof-top solar array, variable refrigerant flow HVAC, controlled by residents and a heat pump providing domestic hot water. Other amenities include two elevators, an indoor recreation room, outdoor recreation space, laundry room, bicycle parking and a closed-circuit TV/intercom security system.

“Our design portfolio includes an array of innovative affordable multifamily communities throughout the five boroughs,” said Ariel Aufgang, AIA, Principal of Aufgang Architects. “Ogden Theater Apartments brings much needed affordable and supportive housing to the Bronx.”

“The need for supportive housing is acute throughout New York City, particularly in the Bronx, and with this new affordable development we play a role in finding effective solutions,” said A. Keith Gordon, CEO of NCV Capital Partners.

“We are proud to lead the way with this development of high quality, affordable, sustainable housing in a low-income community. It will improve health outcomes for both our residents and the broader Bronx community” said Yvette B. Andre, Executive Director of Unique People Services.

In the past 22 years Aufgang Architects has designed more than 14,000 units of affordable housing and 20 million square feet of built space. Aufgang Architects is a certified Minority Business Enterprise.

NCV Capital Partners is a Harlem based real estate development and advisory firm engaged in the acquisition, financing, development and management of commercial real estate.

Unique People Services is a nonprofit Bronx based developer of affordable and supportive housing. It has over 32 years of serving special needs populations throughout NYC.

Construction has begun on an Aufgang Architects-designed 100% affordable community that includes supportive housing in the Highbridge section of the Bronx. The 85-unit Ogden Theater Apartments, located at 1415 Ogden Ave., will include 51 units of supportive housing for formerly homeless and 34 units for Section 8 residents and those earning at or below 60% of Area Median Income. Total capitalization is $66 million.

An existing building on the site was demolished. Formerly a movie theater, it was later used as a bowling alley and a church.

NCV Capital and Unique People Services are co-developing Ogden Theater Apartments through a public-private partnership with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development and the Department of Mental Health and Hygiene. Financing for the project involves Low-Income Housing Tax Credits and HPD’s Supportive Housing Loan Program, as well as private equity.

By Steve Griffin

Construction has officially begun on a new affordable community in the Highbridge section of the Bronx, designed by Aufgang Architects. The Ogden Theater Apartments, located at 1415 Ogden Ave., will consist of 85 units and include both supportive housing for formerly homeless individuals and Section 8 units for those earning at or below 60% of Area Median Income. The project is estimated to cost $66 million.

The site was previously occupied by an old building that served as a movie theater before being repurposed as a bowling alley and then later used as a church.

NCV Capital and Unique People Services are partnering together to develop the Ogden Theater Apartments through collaboration with various government agencies such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development, and Department of Mental Health & Hygiene. Funding for this project includes Low-Income Housing Tax Credits, HPD’s Supportive Housing Loan Program, along with private equity investments.

This exciting development marks another step towards providing much-needed affordable housing options in New York City’s ever-growing real estate market.

Construction has begun on an Aufgang Architects designed 100% affordable community that includes supportive housing, in the Highbridge section of the Bronx.

The 85 unit Ogden Theater Apartments, located at 1415 Ogden Avenue, will include 51 units of supportive housing for formerly homeless and 34 units for Section 8 residents and those earning at or below 60% of Area Median Income.

Total capitalization for the development is $66 million.

An existing building on the site was demolished. It had been a movie theater and was later used as a bowling alley and a church.

NCV Capital and Unique People Services co-developed Ogden Theater Apartments through a public-private partnership with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the NYC Department of Housing Preservation and Development and the Department of Mental Health and Hygiene. Financing for the project involves Low Income Housing Tax Credits and HPD’s Supportive Housing Loan Program, as well as private equity.

The community features almost 2,000 square feet of ground‐floor space for social services for residents of the supportive housing units.

The Aufgang design for the 100% electric Ogden Theater Apartments meets Passive Housing and Enterprise Green Community Standards. It has a roof-top solar array, variable refrigerant flow HVAC, controlled by residents and a heat pump providing domestic hot water. Other amenities include two elevators, an indoor recreation room, outdoor recreation space, laundry room, bicycle parking and a closed-circuit TV/intercom security system.

“Our design portfolio includes an array of innovative affordable multifamily communities throughout the five boroughs,” said Ariel Aufgang, AIA, Principal of Aufgang Architects. “Ogden Theater Apartments brings much needed affordable and supportive housing to the Bronx.”

“The need for supportive housing is acute throughout New York City, particularly in the Bronx, and with this new affordable development we play a role in finding effective solutions,” said A. Keith Gordon, CEO of NCV Capital Partners.

“We are proud to lead the way with this development of high quality, affordable, sustainable housing in a low-income community. It will improve health outcomes for both our residents and the broader Bronx community” said Yvette B. Andre, Executive Director of Unique People Services.

In the past 22 years Aufgang Architects has designed more than 14,000 units of affordable housing and 20 million square feet of built space. Aufgang Architects is a certified Minority Business Enterprise.

NCV Capital Partners is a Harlem based real estate development and advisory firm engaged in the acquisition, financing, development and management of commercial real estate.

Unique People Services is a nonprofit Bronx based developer of affordable and supportive housing. It has over 32 years of serving special needs populations throughout NYC.

The Bronx is home to what is one of the largest adaptive reuse and preservation projects currently in the United States, the renovation and repurposing of the immense Kingsbridge Armory.

Mayor Eric Adams and Governor Kathy Hochul recently announced approval of a redevelopment plan, based on extensive community input. They selected the development and design team led by Maddd Equities and Joy Construction to reprogram and renovate the Armory and build 450 adjacent units of much needed permanently affordable rental housing. My firm, in collaboration with FX Collaborative, serves as executive architect.

Superlatives abound for the Kingsbridge Armory. It’s the largest Armory in the country. Its main drill hall has approximately 180,000 square feet of floor space free of columns, with a ceiling over 115 feet high. Opened in 1917, the Kingsbridge Armory has been closed for nearly three decades. In that time several different concepts were proposed for its use. None proved viable nor could attract financing for development.

That’s changed.

The first phase of the Kingsbridge Armory mixed use redevelopment project features 25,000 square feet of dedicated community space, state of the art event venue space, sports fields for local youth academies, cultural and commercial space and a workforce development educational facility. Prioritization of these new facilities reflects the extensive, thoughtful input in the “Together for Kingsbridge Vision Plan.”
This ambitious project that defines the future of the Kingsbridge Armory will be transformational for the Bronx.

The redevelopment of this historic and long-underutilized site is also aspirational for the borough, and New York City as a whole. It holds the potential for new and unprecedented economic opportunities. It can be an engine for economic development through direct industrial investment in advanced technologies, bringing 21st Century jobs to Bronx residents.

The renovated Kingsbridge Armory site would offer appealing facilities and resources for large US and international companies seeking an R&D, training and manufacturing presence in an accessible location offering a sizeable, enthusiastic workforce.

US government industrial policy now calls for greater domestic self-sufficiency and less reliance on overseas sources for semiconductors used in everything from consumer products to defense systems. As a result, we’re seeing a proliferation of new microprocessor manufacturing sites throughout the country. These include upstate New York locations with inexpensive industrial space and access to ample electrical power. But these thinly populated rural counties don’t have sizeable workforces. Finding qualified staff is a challenge in small towns.

These large companies should bring their jobs to where the workers are, by establishing semiconductor and possibly pharmaceutical manufacturing and other high-tech facilities in the Bronx, where they will find abundant space at the renovated Kingsbridge Armory. The site also offers reliable electrical power that’s required for chip production, as well as extensive public commuter transportation at the door.

Combined with the major community cultural, recreational and educational facilities, the repurposed Kingsbridge Armory has the potential to draw significant clean, high-tech industrial investment to the Bronx, strengthening the economic and social fabric of the community.

Employment opportunities in the Bronx will be expanded to a broader range of well paying, high-tech industry jobs, enabled by new educational and job training facilities at the Armory.

The Bronx is the only New York City borough that’s part of the mainland US, not separated by a river or harbor on an island. That physical connection to America should also be manifest in the participation of the Bronx in the transformation of the national economy and industry creating technologically advanced employment opportunities.

Kingsbridge Armory will generate positive perceptions of the Bronx as a smart and desirable place to establish state of the art high tech R&D and manufacturing sites among US and multinational technology companies.

Ariel Aufgang is principal of Aufgang Architects.

KINGSTON, N.Y. — The city’s Planning Board viewed revised plans for a proposed four-story building with one-bedroom apartments for seniors at Colonial Gardens calling for a slight reduction in units to with one-bedroom apartments for seniors at Colonial Gardens calling for a slight reduction in units to 80.

The revised plans, submitted by the Kingston Housing Authority and its development partner Mountco at the Monday Planning Board meeting, shave off a portion of the fourth floor closest to Flatbush Avenue and a pair of neighboring homes, leaving a three-story corner on this end of the building. Avenue and a pair of neighboring homes, leaving a three-story corner on this end of the building. Himanshu Tailor, a representative with Aufgang Architects who is working on the project, noted this effort to soften the impact of the building on the neighborhood, known as a “setback,” comes at the expense of two apartments resulting in the reduction of units to 80 from the 82 originally proposed.

The project, developed by the Kingston Housing Authority and Mountco, calls for demolishing two existing buildings in the Penn Court “Annex” site at the public housing complex at 206 Flatbush Ave. The existing buildings that would be demolished have 32 studio apartments. Mountco has said that 98 existing units of one, two and three bedrooms at Colonial Gardens will also be rehabilitated as part of existing units of one, two and three bedrooms at Colonial Gardens will also be rehabilitated as part of the project. the project.

City Planner Sue Cahill also suggested they soften this facade by adding windows. Tailor said they could show renderings with that at January’s meeting.

Mountco’s Executive Vice President of Development and General Counsel John Madeo said the revised plans also lowered the building by 2.5 feet, reducing the perceived height to neighbors. He added that plans also lowered the building by 2.5 feet, reducing the perceived height to neighbors. He added that the developers studied going lower, but they ran into problems with a utility easement.

They also presented renderings with landscaping, including evergreen trees and flowers to help screen the project from those traveling down the hill on Flatbush Avenue towards the building and those who live in neighboring homes.

The presentation also showed a number of landscaped “contemplative spaces” that developers hope to use to activate the space outside the building.

Board members seemed satisfied with the modifications to the building and landscape plan.

“This project is definitely moving in the right direction,” Planning Board Chair Wayne Platte Jr. said.

“The landscaping and stepped-back facade made a huge difference,” Board member Robert Jacobsen “The landscaping and stepped-back facade made a huge difference,” Board member Robert Jacobsen added. Jacobsen had presented numerous concerns about the project’s scale and requests for multiple major waivers at November’s meeting.

Board member Kaira Grundig also praised the landscaping proposed.

The board and Mountco and Kingston Housing Authority representatives also discussed what would happen if the fourth floor was shaved off altogether on the Flatbush Avenue side of the building. Tailor cautioned that this would reduce the number of units to 72.

Kingston Housing Authority Executive Director Harolda Wilcox emphasized that the authority wants to get as many units at the housing complex as possible. “The reduction from 82-72 is significant,” Wilcox said.

The board also questioned what would happen if the building was reduced to three floors.

Wilcox noted this would reduce the number of units to 60.

Wilcox emphasized she knows of many seniors living in their cars who are in desperate need of housing options like this project will offer.

Madeo said that larger reductions in the number of units could make the financial situation tighter too, but he stopped short of saying it would derail the project altogether. but he stopped short of saying it would derail the project altogether.

A reduced number of units would not result in higher rents for tenants, he said.

He also warned the board that the state is prioritizing working with Housing Authorities where He also warned the board that the state is prioritizing working with Housing Authorities where municipal leaders are cooperative with these types of projects. A drawn-out planning process could see other municipalities get in line ahead of Kingston, he added. “This board does not want to hold up this project,” Platte said in response.

Madeo said they expect to have requested traffic study by January’s meeting.

On a recent afternoon, sneakered tourists streamed out of the various hotels located along a quiet stretch of Jamaica, Queens. The Radisson, a Hampton Inn, a Residence Inn by Marriott, and erstwhile JFK Hilton just a stone’s throw from JFK Airport represent the future of affordable housing in the city, as well as what is perhaps a missed opportunity.

Months of interior demolition work is concluding at the 350- room Hilton property on 135th Avenue, just east of the Van Wyck Expressway. A massive renovation will soon follow. The structure is set to reopen in October 2025 — not as a hotel, but as a 318-unit housing complex for low-income and formerly homeless New Yorkers.

Creating kitchens in the studio apartments will be a challenge. There’s all sorts of weird esoteric rules in New York City about separating cooking spaces from living spaces, you shouldn’t sleep in a room where people are cooking. But aside from the technical hurdles, Aufgang said there are also grace notes, including the covered pool near the lobby that will soon be turned into a garden. It’s enclosed in glass, it’s going to be a lovely garden.
-Ariel Aufgang, the architect of the Aufgang Architects

The project, known as Baisley Pond Park Residences, is the result of a 2021 state law called the Housing Our Neighbors with Dignity Act, or HONDA. The measure was designed to convert hotels into housing. It took shape early in the pandemic, as the bottom fell out of the city’s hotel industry and tens of thousands of rooms suddenly became empty.

But nearly three years after its passage, housing advocates and others acknowledge that the HONDA program has little to show for it besides the Hilton project, which is being lauded for its planned amenities, services and design, and being lamented because it could very well be a one-off.

Top elected officials like Mayor Eric Adams and Gov. Kathy Hochul were among the project’s champions. In a December 2023 statement, the governor said the JFK Hilton’s transformation into housing would “help to bring our state one step closer to building the affordable, supportive and sustainable homes that New Yorkers deserve.”

“We had this massive window of opportunity,” said Amy Blumsack, the director of organizing and policy at Neighbors Together, which advocates for homeless and low-income Brooklyn residents, “and I think in some ways it was missed.”

The Hilton’s $167 million conversion is partly being paid for by $48 million in state funding – out of the $200 million allocated to HONDA. Housing and development experts say the program faced numerous challenges, including shifting market forces in the city’s hospitality industry spurred by the pandemic, red tape and opposition from unions, as well as insufficient political will to confront New York’s housing crisis. Its course was also affected by the migrant crisis, which started in 2022 as migrants were sent to hotel shelters by the busload.

“HONDA was started with all the good intentions,” said Vijay Dandapani, the president and CEO of the Hotel Association of New York City. But ultimately, he said, the funding was insufficient for the problem it sought to address. “It was not enough to move the needle.”

There are ‘all sorts of weird, esoteric rules in New York City’

Baisley Pond Park Residences will look out on a quiet residential neighborhood, half a mile from the airport. Despite its location near two busy highways and a bustling airport, the area has a placid, suburban feel. The sidewalks are noticeably clean and many of the houses across the street from the hotel sit behind white picket fences. Occasionally, an MTA bus stops nearby to let local residents off or take on tourists from the nearby hotels. The bus stop is conveniently located just 20 or 30 yards from Baisley Pond Park.

According to Slate Property Group, the private developer that acquired the property with its nonprofit partner RiseBoro Community Partnership, 274 of the 318 residential units at Baisley Pond Park will be studios, with 33 one-bedroom apartments and a smaller number of two- and three-bedroom units. Sixty percent of the completed units will be set aside for formerly homeless New Yorkers, while monthly rent for the remaining affordable housing units will range from $784 for a studio to $1,493 for a two-bedroom apartment.

But landing on a hotel property such as JFK Hilton – really any hotel that could be converted to housing under HONDA – wasn’t easy. David Schwartz, the co-founder and principal of Slate Property Group, said the company “looked at every hotel in the city,” but struggled to find sites with “a combination of good, decent rooms that are big enough for people to live in.”

Many potential sites were eliminated because their rooms weren’t big enough to include a kitchen, as is required under the NYC building code. Schwartz said other properties had big rooms but were situated within manufacturing districts, which meant they weren’t zoned for residential purposes. The ideal site, the company recognized, would accommodate at least 150 residents, which meant it could achieve economies of scale.

In many ways, the JFK Hilton, built in 1987, served the needs of the project. In addition to its size, the Hilton was blessed with “a huge lobby” and lounge, “so we have all this space to work with, which is really exciting,” said Emily Kurtz, the vice president of housing at RiseBoro Community Partnership.

The space allowed for the construction of multiple community rooms as well as a computer lounge and fitness room. In addition to staff tasked with onsite programming, there will be social services case managers. This is especially important, Kurtz said, given the population of many of the people who will be living at Baisley Pond Park.

“Residents will be coming directly from the shelter system, folks that have been in shelter for a while,” said Kurtz. “They’ll be provided permanent housing, with a key to a door, independent living and then supported by onsite supportive services staff.”

The entire project will take 21 months to complete, said Schwartz, versus the 36 months had it been a conventional ground-up construction, where the foundation alone might’ve taken six months to complete.

“It’s a lot less work,” said Schwartz, “and the beauty of the hotel rooms is that they all have windows to the outside and that’s really the trick is that they’re already set up. You have an elevator and stairs in the middle of the building, hotel rooms on either side. And it feels like an apartment building.”

Ariel Aufgang, the architect of the site, said creating kitchens in the studio apartments will be a challenge.

“There’s all sorts of weird esoteric rules in New York City about separating cooking spaces from living spaces,” said Aufgang. “You shouldn’t sleep in a room where people are cooking.”

But aside from the technical hurdles, Aufgang said there are also grace notes, including the covered pool near the lobby that will soon be turned into a garden.

“It’s enclosed in glass,” said Aufgang. “It’s going to be a lovely garden.”

‘The two puzzle pieces fit together’
The idea of turning the city’s hotels into affordable housing gained ground among policymakers and housing advocates early in the pandemic when tourism nosedived, leaving hotels sitting empty. Joseph Loonam, the housing campaign coordinator at Vocal New York, said “robust conversations” were happening by the end of March 2020, when the pandemic shutdown was kicking into high gear

“It was hugely exciting and it had incredible potential,” said Blumsack of Neighbors Together. “There were all of these empty hotels just sitting there and all of these people who needed a safe place to stay due to COVID.”

“The two puzzle pieces fit together,” she said.

But there were different ideas about how to move ahead. Samuel Stein, a senior policy analyst at the Community Service Society, a social welfare organization, urged the state to buy the hotels.

“That was the way that the (HONDA) legislation was initially drafted,” said Stein. “And the response we got from the state government was, ‘that’s not our role. We don’t want to be in possession of real property.’ There was very little appetite from that for anybody.”

Instead, HONDA stipulated that at least 50% of the units go to homeless New Yorkers and required a nonprofit organization to purchase the site, either by itself or in partnership with a private developer. The state allotted funding to assist in the purchase, initially a $100 million fund that was eventually doubled.

But even that amount was inadequate, given how expensive New York commercial real estate is, said attorney Daniel M. Bernstein, who runs the Affordable Housing practice at Rosenberg & Estis, a law firm specializing in New York City real estate.

Bernstein said that $200 million “sounds like a lot, but in the context of developing affordable housing for low-income households, it’s actually only a couple of buildings worth, depending on the scale of the buildings,” and added that he’s advised eight to 10 clients on the matter.

Some hotel owners thought the subsidy was inadequate, he said, while other properties ran up against zoning regulations that made it hard to convert to housing.

“There were just a lot of headwinds,” he said.

In a statement, William Fowler, a spokesperson for the mayor, said, “the biggest barrier remaining to pursuing more hotel and office conversions — and other kinds of housing development, big and small — is the city’s outdated zoning laws, which is exactly why we’re working to change them.”

According to Dandapani of the Hotel Association of New York City, the thousands of migrants placed into hotel rooms by the city artificially inflated the hospitality industry, making hotels less susceptible to market forces.

“There are at this point some 15,000 odd rooms that are being catered to the migrant,” said Dandapani. “It’s obviously temporary. Nobody knows precisely how long it would last, but that has taken this inventory out of the market and resulted in compression, whereby other hotels that are not catering to the migrants can have better occupancies and better rates.”

Eventually, Blumsack said, “the interest was just not as much as we had really hoped,” and as the worst of the pandemic subsided, tourists began returning to the city and its hotels.

For many housing advocates, Baisley Pond Park is the exception that proves the rule about HONDA.

“The JFK conversion is great,” said Joseph Loonam of Vocal New York. “But ultimately, there’s just not enough motivation on the developer and on the government side to really get units online.”

Believers among the skeptics

While HONDA left many housing advocates frustrated, some people continue to hold out hope for the program.

For instance, Dandapani said the situation could change if migrants currently being housed in hotels move out, leaving behind properties that require expensive improvements.

“Whenever the migrants exit the hotels, the condition of the hotels is going to require substantial, and you can underline substantial, FF&E: that’s furniture, fixtures and equipment upgrades.”

Additionally, in her new budget deal Hochul included tax breaks for developers who take on office conversions if they agree to make at least 25% of the units affordable.

And a spokesperson for New York State Homes and Community Renewal, the state agency that oversees affordable housing, said that at least two more hotels are likely to be approved for conversions.

“HCR continues to work closely with nonprofit partners throughout the state who are seeking to convert distressed hotels and underutilized commercial buildings to the safe, modern, and affordable housing New Yorkers need,” said Charni Sochet, a spokesperson for HCR.

Schwartz of Slate Property Group is decidedly bullish on conversions, and despite his company’s considerable efforts to find an appropriate site in the JFK Hilton, estimated “there certainly are dozens and dozens of hotels that could be good candidates” across the five boroughs.

He predicted that HONDA would eventually win converts.

“When you do something new and innovative with government, there are a lot of people waiting to see if you can be successful,” he said.

The proof, he said, rested in Baisley Pond Park.

“A year from now we’ll see more of these,” he said.

 

We face a national housing shortage, while commercial property owners and investors contend with an oversupply of empty office space, as well as underutilized — and closed — hotels throughout the United States. As a result, owners and developers are increasingly considering commercial-to-residential conversions as a way to solve both problems.

U.S. cities that lead in converting office space to residential are metro Washington, D.C., with plans under way to convert office space into 5,820 apartment units, followed closely by the New York City metro area, with 5,215 new apartments planned from former office spaces.

Nearly four dozen commercial buildings are enrolled in NYC’s Office Conversion Accelerator and are expected to comprise more than 2,100 housing units.

New York State enacted the Housing Our Neighbors with Dignity Act to encourage the conversion of hotels and other commercial buildings into affordable housing. Throughout New York State there have been successful commercial-to-residential conversions in Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and elsewhere. In Cohoes, N.Y., near Albany, Harmony Mills, a former textile industry site, was converted to apartments. In Albany, the old Union (train) Station is expected to be repurposed to residential.

There are a number of completed and proposed hotel-to-residential conversions in New York City. They include:

• The JFK Hilton Hotel
• Hotel Pennsylvania
• Paramount Hotel
• Best Western Hotel in Chinatown
• Towne Place Hotel in Queens
• Former Jehovah’s Witness’ hotel in Brooklyn

Also planned for a conversion to residential units is a vacant Sears Roebuck department store in Brooklyn and an office building at 25 Water St. in Lower Manhattan.

Hotels and office buildings present distinctly different issues to consider when evaluating the feasibility of potential residential conversion opportunities. Hotels have much different floorplans than office buildings, making hotel-to-residential conversion more practical and usually less costly. Multiple water and waste lines are already in place in hotels and can be modified relatively simply to convert a hotel building to apartment units. As a result, a hotel-to-residential conversion project can be completed faster and at a lower cost than an office building.

Hotel conversions are not without challenges. While some underutilized hotels are located in city centers, other potential conversion candidates are in less desirable locations next to airports or off major highways, far from residential communities — factors that can suppress the value and appeal of residential conversions.

Office buildings are usually located in city centers where many people work, with close access to public transportation, increasing their appeal as residential units, thus making them attractive to developers for conversion.

However, office-to-residential conversions often present costly design challenges. While office buildings often feature large windows not commonly used in residential design, they usually have deep footprints that deprive interior spaces of access to sunlight and outside air. This can be overcome through innovative design, such as creating an open core or atrium through the height of the building.

Also, elevators, stairways and systems such as water risers are usually centrally located in the cores of office buildings, requiring adding risers and lines to each new apartment unit. This increases conversion costs and lengthens construction time.

Commercial conversion to residential is a viable approach to increasing housing supply. Such adaptive reuse brings environmental benefits and makes financial sense.